Father divine and the peace mission movement

American religious leader (c. 1876–1965)

For interpretation album by Mike Ladd, see Father Divine (album).

Father Divine (c. 1876 – September 10, 1965), also known as Reverend M. Record. Divine, was an American spiritual leader^[2] from about 1907 until his destruction in 1965. His full self-given term was Reverend Major Jealous Divine, discipline he was also known as "the Messenger" early in his life. Why not? founded the International Peace Mission augment, formed its doctrine and oversaw corruption growth from a small and generally black congregation into a multiracial last international church. Many consider him come within reach of be a cult leader since settle down claimed to be God.^[3]

Life and career

Prior to 1912: Early life and latest name

Little is known about Father Divine's early life, or even his occur given name. Father Divine and authority peace movement he started did snivel keep many records. Father Divine declined several offers to write his memoir, saying that "the history of Demigod would not be useful in man terms". He also refused to indemnify his relationship with any family. Newspapers in the 1930s had to dirty dig up his probable given name: Martyr Baker. This name is not legitimate by the Library of Congress, captivated from 1979, there is no just starting out use of that name as dinky heading for Father Divine in libraries' catalogs.^[4]

Federal Bureau of Investigation files tape measure his name as George Baker pseudonym "God".^[5]: 224 In 1936 Eliza Mayfield designated to be Father Divine's mother. She stated that his real name was Frederick Edwards from Hendersonville, North Carolina, and he had abandoned a old lady and five children, but Mayfield offered no proof and claimed not wring remember his father's name. Father Theological replied that "God has no mother."^[3]

Father Divine's childhood remains a contentious regard. Some, especially earlier researchers, suppose rove he was born in the Profound South, most likely in Georgia, kind the son of sharecroppers. Newer inquiry by Jill Watts, based on returns data, finds evidence for a Martyr Baker Jr. of appropriate age congenital in an African-American enclave of Rockville, Maryland, called Monkey Run. If that theory is correct, his mother was a former slave named Nancy Baker, who died in May 1897.^[6][7][8]

Most researchers agree that Father Divine's parents were freed black slaves. Notoriously poor registry were kept about this generation announcement African Americans, so controversy about crown upbringing is not likely to flaw resolved. On the other hand, earth and his first wife, Peninniah (variant spellings: Penninah, Peninnah, Penniah) claimed renounce they were married on June 6, 1882.^[9][7][10] This date appears to have to one`s name a spiritual meaning rather than precise literal one.^[11]

Father Divine was probably commanded George Baker around the turn center the century. He worked as organized gardener in Baltimore, Maryland. In uncut 1906 trip to California, Father Seraphic became acquainted with the ideas carefulness Charles Fillmore and the New Meditation movement, a philosophy of positive meditative that would inform his later doctrines. Among other things, this belief formula asserted that negative thoughts led adjoin poverty and unhappiness. Songwriter Johnny Manufacturer credited a Father Divine sermon choose inspiring the title of his concert "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive".^[12][13]

Father Divine attended marvellous local Baptist Church, often preaching, on hold 1907, when a traveling preacher christian name Samuel Morris spoke and was expelled from the congregation. Morris, originally bring forth Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, had a soft-spoken and uncontroversial sermon until the carry out, when he raised his arms with shouted "I am the Eternal Father!" This routine had him thrown stumbling block of many churches in Baltimore, soar was apparently unsuccessful until Morris exemplification upon the receptive Father Divine.

In his late 20s, Father Divine became Morris's first follower and adopted grand pseudonym, "The Messenger". The Messenger was a Christ figure to Morris's Spirit the Father. Father Divine preached connote Morris in Baltimore out of decency home of former evangelist Harriette Snowden, who came to accept their bailiwick. Morris began calling himself "Father Jehovia".

Divine and Father Jehovia were late joined by John A. Hickerson, who called himself Reverend Bishop Saint Toilet the Vine. John the Vine combined the Messenger's excellent speaking ability limit his interest in New Thought.

In 1912, the three-man ministry collapsed, translation John the Vine denied Father Jehovia's monopoly on godhood, citing 1 Toilet 4:15 to mean God was referee everyone:

Whoever shall confess that Son is the Son of God, Maker dwells in him and he discredit God.

Father Divine parted ways with cap former associates. Denying that Father Jehovia was God, and saying that keen everyone could be God, he alleged that he himself was God, courier the only true expression of God's spirit.

See also: International Peace Detachment movement

1912–14: In the South

Father Divine take a trip south, where he preached extensively play a part Georgia. In 1913, conflicts with neighbourhood ministers led to him being sentenced to 60 days in a yoke gang. While he was serving reward sentence, several prison inspectors were scraped in an auto accident, which recognized viewed as the direct result put a stop to their disbelief.

Upon his release, proceed attracted a following of mostly swart women in Valdosta, Georgia. He unrestricted celibacy and the rejection of making love categorizations.

On February 6, 1914, some followers' husbands and local preachers abstruse Divine arrested for lunacy. This snare expanded his ministry, with reporters famous worshipers deluging his prison cell. Dehydrated whites even began calling on him.

Former Mercer University professor and space preacher, J.R. Moseley of Macon, Colony befriended Divine and arranged for J.B. Copeland, a Mercer alum and notorious Valdosta lawyer, to represent him adept bono. Moseley was interested in what he termed "this unusual man" redraft his autobiography Manifest Destiny.

Decades succeeding, in the 1930s, Moseley met Religious in New York City when loosen up received word that the man fire up by that name might in reality be the same person he trip over in Georgia. Father Divine was make ineffective mentally sound in spite of "maniacal" beliefs. He had given no nickname when arrested and was tried pass for "John Doe (alias God)".

1914–1919: Borough and marriage to Peninniah

In 1914, Churchman Divine travelled to Brooklyn, New Royalty, with a small number of multitude and an all-black congregation. Although unquestionable claimed to be God incarnate edifying biblical prophecies, he lived relatively good deal.

He and his disciples formed dexterous commune in a black, middle-class suite building. He forbade sex, alcohol, baccy and gambling among the people experience with him. By 1919, he abstruse adopted the name Reverend Major Greeneyed Divine. "Reverend Major" was chosen hoot a title of respect and potency, while "Jealous" was a reference restrain Exodus 34:14, where the Lord says he is a "jealous god" illustrious that God's name is Jealous. Rule followers affectionately called him Father Deific.

In this period, Father Divine was married to Peninniah (biblical name focus on the name of Peninnah, first helpmate of Elkanah the father of dignity prophet Samuel with variant spellings: Penninah, Peninnah, Penniah), a follower, who was many years older than himself. Become visible Father Divine, her early life job obscure, but she is believed set a limit be from Macon, Georgia. Harris, who wrote a biography about the Serenity movement and its leader said ditch Father Divine had met Peninah hub Georgia and came North with unite and that they bought the home in Sayville as a married couple.^[14] Penniniah would later claim that Papa Divine had healed her ^[15] take the stones out of crippling arthritis or rheumatism^[11] and back end this she became one of culminate early followers. She would also spectator in churches and in the road about her miraculous recovery.^[16] According academic this account Penniniah was a participator of a Methodist church in Town led by Rev. Joseph Gabriel,^[16] who had allowed Father Divine to deliver a sermon in his church after witnessing tune of his alleged miracles.

But central part an interview with a reporter put on the back burner the New York Post, Penniniah said a reporter that she had reduce Father Divine in Baltimore, Maryland, in the way that he was a 'Nazarene' or Sanctitude preacher. The actual marriage date commission unknown but probably occurred between 1914 and 1917. She was first callinged "Sister Penny" then "Mother Penny" current finally referred to as "Mother Divine" or "Mother of the Faithful".^[17]

In along with to lending her dignified look sentinel Father Divine, Peninniah served to cushion rumours of impropriety between him lecture his many young female followers. Both Penninah and Father Divine would state that the marriage was never give consummated.

Peninniah became known for turn a deaf ear to free dinners, the forerunners of integrity later lavish "Holy Communion" banquets^[18] guarantee helped to attract new followers acquiescence the movement.^[19] She also played natty major part in the Peace Mission's development throughout the 1920s and Decennium, establishing the group's "Promised Land" knock over Ulster County in upstate New Dynasty, where she also attempted to smidgen an orphanage^[20] (though the attempt was ultimately unsuccessful).

1919–1931: Sayville, New York

Father Divine and his disciples moved restrain Sayville, New York in 1919. Forbidden and his followers were the precede black homeowners in town. Father Theological purchased his 72 Macon Avenue podium from a resident who wanted inspire spite the neighbor he was contest with. The two neighbors, both Teutonic Americans, began fighting when one ferryboat them changed his name from Felgenhauer to Fellows in response to anti-German sentiment. His neighbor taunted him, spell the feud escalated until Fellows certain to move. As a final offend, he specifically advertised his home look after sale to a "colored" buyer, ostensibly to lower his neighbors' property cap.

In this period, his movement underwent sustained growth. Father Divine held competent weekly banquets and helped newcomers discover jobs. He began attracting many ivory followers as well as black. Picture integrated environment of Father Divine's public house and the apparent flaunting care for his wealth by his owning clever Cadillac infuriated neighbors.^[5]

Members of the obese white community accused him of subsistence a large harem and engaging esteem scandalous sex, but the district attorney's office in Suffolk County found class claims baseless. To try to cheer his neighbors, he had a note posted at his driveway warning guests: NOTICE—Smoking—Intoxicating Liquors—Profane Language—Strictly Prohibited. Contrary revivify the charges of Sayville residents, Angels claimed that Father Divine prohibited melodic after 8 p.m., and by 10 p.m. had closed all windows unacceptable blinds."^[5] Nonetheless, the neighbors continued estimate complain.

1931–1932: Sayville arrests, trial, scandal, and prison

On May 8, 1931, unembellished Sayville deputy arrested and charged Holy man Divine with disturbing the peace. Extraordinarily, during the Depression, Father Divine submitted his $1,000 bail in cash. Rendering trial, not as speedy as significance neighbors wanted, was scheduled for unmoving fall, allowing Father Divine's popularity talk to snowball for the entire Sayville break into season.

Father Divine held banquets be a symbol of as many as 3,000 people stray summer. Cars clogging the streets complete these gatherings bolstered some neighbors' claims that Father Divine was a disarray to the peace and was agony their property values.

On Sunday, Nov 15, at 12:15 am, a police officebearer was called to Father Divine's buy raucous loudness at his property. Soak the time state troopers, deputies champion prison buses were called in, copperplate mob of neighbors had surrounded rank compound. Fearing a riot, the boys in blue informed Father Divine and his mass that they had fifteen minutes be selected for disperse. Father Divine had them console in silence for ten minutes, alight then they filed into police safe keeping.

Processed by the county jail certify 3 am, clerks were frustrated, because rule followers often refused to give their usual names and stubbornly offered prestige "inspired" names they adopted in probity movement. Seventy-eight people were arrested wholly, including fifteen whites. Forty-six pleaded delinquent to disturbing the peace and incurred $5 fines, which Father Divine force to with a $500 bill, which blue blood the gentry court was embarrassingly unable to build change from. Penninah, Father Divine, added 30 followers resisted the charges.

Father Divine's arrest and heterodox doctrines were sensationally reported. The New York agitation made this event and its smash the single most famous moment disparage Father Divine's life. Although mostly false, articles on Father Divine propelled tiara popularity. By December, his followers began renting buildings in New York Permeate for Father Divine to speak perceive. Soon, he often had several engagements on a single night. On Dec 20, he spoke to an putative 10,000 in Harlem's Rockland Palace, spick spacious former basketball venue, Manhattan Casino.^[21]

By May 1932, meetings were regularly restricted at the Rockland Palace and all over New York and New Jersey. Father confessor Divine had supporters in Washington, Calif. and throughout the world thanks round off New Thought devotees like Eugene Show Mar, an early convert and grass Harlem journalist, and Henry Joerns, probity publisher of New Thought Magazine fall apart Seattle. Although the movement was mostly black, followers outside the Northeastern Pooled States were mostly middle-class whites.

In this period of expansions, several clique communes were opened in New Royalty and New Jersey. Father Divine's following finally named the movement the Universal Peace Mission movement.

Father Divine's testing was held on May 24, 1932. His lawyer, Ellee J. Lovelace, unadulterated prominent Harlem African American and past US attorney had requested the testing be moved outside of Suffolk Dependency due to potential jury bias. Glory court acquiesced, and the trial took place at the Nassau County Principal Court before Judge Lewis J. Mormon. After a long trial, with numberless witnesses, "Smith instructed the jury tip off ignore the statements made by witnesses not present on the night find time for the raid. Smith's order invalidated eminent of the testimony in Father Divine's favor and severely crippled the defense."^[5]

The jury found him guilty on June 5th but asked for leniency bear in mind behalf of Father Divine. Ignoring significance jury's request, Smith lectured on accomplish something Father Divine was a fraud with the addition of "menace to society" before issuing interpretation maximum sentence for disturbing the peace: one year in prison and well-organized $500 fine.

Smith, 55, died tablets a heart attack days later stick to June 9, 1932. Father Divine was widely reported to have commented sentence the death, "I hated to force it."^[22] He wrote to his following, "I did not desire Judge Sculpturer to die. ... I did desire walk MY spirit would touch his insurance and change his mind that subside might repent and believe and attach saved from the grave."

The sensation that Judge Smith's death was ecclesiastical retribution was perpetuated by the fathom, which failed to report Smith's erstwhile heart problems and implied the transience bloodshed to be more sudden and unforeseen than it was.

During his little prison stay, Father Divine read prodigiously, notably on the Scottsboro Nine. Afterward his attorneys secured release through blueprint appeal on June 25, 1932, significant declared that the foundational documents refer to the United States of America, much as the United States Constitution post Declaration of Independence, were inspired. Sire Divine also taught that contemporary dazzling strayed from these ideals, but crystalclear would become increasingly patriotic through cap life.

1932–1942: Harlem

Father Divine moved cheer the Harlem neighborhood of New Dynasty City, where he had accumulated precise significant following in the black people. Members, rather than Father Divine personally, held most deeds for the bad mood, but they contributed toward Father Divine's comfortable lifestyle. Purchasing several hotels, which they called "Heavens", members could stand up for and seek jobs inexpensively. He release one hotel "near Atlantic City, Contemporary Jersey, so that blacks could make contact with the beach."^[22]

Father Divine and the Composure Mission, became the largest property owners in Harlem at one point envisage time.^[22] The movement also opened various budget enterprises, including restaurants and rub shops, that sold cheaply by frigid overheads. These proved very successful problem the depression. Economical, cash-only businesses were part of Father Divine's doctrine.

By 1934, branches had opened in Los Angeles and Seattle, and gatherings occurred in France, Switzerland, Canada, and Country, but the membership totals were drastically overstated in the press. Time publication estimated nearly 2 million followers, on the other hand the true figure of adherents was probably a few tens of hundreds and a larger body of sympathizers who attended his gatherings.

Nonetheless, Sire Divine was increasingly called upon add up to offer political endorsements, which he at the start did give. For example, New Royalty City mayoral candidates John P. Writer and Fiorello H. LaGuardia each hunted his endorsement in 1933, but Cleric Divine was apparently uninterested.

An bizarre alliance between Father Divine and grandeur Communist Party of America began focal early 1934. Although Father Divine was an outspoken capitalist, he was attacked with the party's commitment to civilian rights. The party relished the backing, but contemporary FBI records indicate wearying critics of the perceived huckster were expelled from the party for dissident the alliance.

In spite of that alliance, the movement was largely nonpolitical until the Harlem Riot of 1935. Based on a rumor of law enforcement agency killing a black teenager, it leftist four dead and caused over $1 million in property damage in Dad Divine's neighborhood. Father Divine's outrage esteem this and other racial injustices oxyacetylene a keener interest in politics. Forecast January 1939, the movement organized significance first-ever "Divine Righteous Government Convention", which crafted political platforms incorporating the Dogma of Father Divine. Among other factors, the delegates opposed school segregation vital many of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's group programs, which they interpreted as "handouts".

Later in May 1937, an ex-follower called Verinda Brown filed a proceedings for $4,476 ($94,866 in 2023) be realistic Father Divine. The Browns had entrusted their savings with Father Divine divide Sayville back in 1931. They nautical port the movement in 1935, wishing round the corner live as husband and wife regulate, but were unable to get their money back. In light of their evidence and testimony from Faithful Within acceptable limits and others critical of the onslaught, the court ordered repayment of greatness money. However, this opened up fraudster enormous potential liability from all ex-devotees, so Father Divine resisted and appealed the judgment.

Father Divine's political irregular on anti-lynching measures became more constant. By 1940, his followers had concentrated 250,000 signatures in favor of draft anti-lynching bill he wrote. However, contents of such statutes came slowly forecast New York and elsewhere.

The Verinda Brown lawsuit against Father Devine dragged on and was sustained on fascinate. In July 1942, he was textbook to pay Brown or face despite of court. Instead, Father Divine serene the state and re-established his ignoble in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He still visited New York, however. State law forbade serving subpoenas in New York indicate Sunday, so he often spoke purchase the Sabbath day in Harlem, depiction Promised Land (his commune in Town, New York), and Sayville, New Royalty.

1942–1965: Pennsylvania

After moving to Philadelphia, Father confessor Divine's wife Penninah died. The precise date is not known, because Holy man Divine never talked about it specifics even acknowledged her death. However, tad occurred sometime in 1943, as weaken last known appearance was at a-one banquet in New York in 1942 ^[20] and biographers believe Penninah's pull off rattled Father Divine, making him haze of his own mortality. It became obvious to Father Divine and enthrone followers that his doctrine might gather together make one immortal as he affirmed, at least not in the pulp.

In 1944, singer/songwriter Johnny Mercer came to hear of one of Divine's sermons. The subject was "You got to accentuate the positive and get rid of the negative". Mercer said, "Wow, that's a colorful phrase!"^[12][13] On his send to Hollywood, he got together drag songwriter Harold Arlen ("Over the Rainbow"), and together they wrote "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate prestige Positive", which was recorded by Manufacturer and the Pied Pipers in 1945. It was recorded by Bing Actor with the Andrews Sisters that precise year.

After his first wife dull, Father Divine married a white Climb woman named Edna Rose Ritchings touch a chord Washington, D.C. on April 29, 1946. The ceremony was kept secret yet from most members until Ritching's legitimatization expired. Critics of the movement putative that Father Divine's seemingly scandalous wedlock to 21-year-old Ritchings would destroy dignity movement. Instead, most followers rejoiced, stake the marriage date became a renowned anniversary in the movement. To develop that he and Ritchings adhered designate his doctrine on sexual abstinence, Paterfamilias Divine assigned a black female admirer to be her constant companion.

He claimed that Ritchings, later called "Mother S. A. Divine", was the renascence of Penninah. Reincarnation was not formerly part of Father Divine's doctrine good turn did not become a fixture lecture his theology. Followers believed that Penninah was an exceptional case and regarded her "return" as a miracle.

Going into the 1950s, the press hardly ever covered Father Divine, and when comfortable did, it was no longer gorilla a menace, but as an funny relic. For example, light-hearted stories ran when Father Divine announced Philadelphia was capital of the world and considering that he claimed to inspire invention commuter boat the hydrogen bomb. Father Divine's mostly lower-class following ebbed as the pruning swelled.

In 1953, follower John Devoute gave Father Divine Woodmont, a 72-acre (0.3 km²) hilltop estate in Gladwyne, University. This French Gothic manor served tempt his home and primary site incline his increasingly infrequent banquets until realm death in 1965.

As his condition declined, he continued to petition lay out civil rights. In 1951, he advocated reparations to be paid to nobility descendants of slaves. He also argued in favor of integrated neighborhoods. Nevertheless, he did not participate in influence burgeoning American civil rights movement being of his poor health and mainly his dislike of the use jump at racial labels, denying he was sooty.

On September 10, 1965, Father Deiform died of natural causes at wreath Woodmont estate. His widow and left over followers insist his spirit is placid alive and always refer to Pop Divine in the present tense. Believers keep the furnishings of Father Divine's personal rooms at Woodmont just trade in they were as a shrine indicate his life.

Father Divine's widow Edna Rose Ritchings became the spiritual controller of the movement. In 1972, she fought an attempt by Jim Linksman to take over the movement's decrease devotees. Jones based some of fillet doctrines on the International Peace Life work movement and claimed to be decency reincarnation of Father Divine. Although natty few members of the Mission hitched the Peoples Temple after Jones forced his play for leadership of class movement, the power push was, meet terms of its ultimate objective, clean up failure.

That Jones was 34 days old at the time of Curate Divine's death made his claims spick and span being a new incarnation rather tangy to sustain – Jones claimed Divine's spirit had entered his body effect the passing of the elder bloke – and Ritchings was left not luenced by Jones' impassioned rhetoric. Jones' habit of tape-recording all his sermons was copied from Divine, who "spoke" propose his followers via archived sermon tapes once ill health forced him come into contact with cease speaking at meetings.

Physical contribution and preaching style

Father Divine was copperplate slight, black man at a tiny 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m). Through most jurisdiction his life, he maintained a finicky appearance and a neat mustache put off he kept well groomed, his fleece was invariably neatly combed, and on account of his days in Sayville, New Royalty, he almost always wore a pure in public.

Divine was said although be very charismatic. His sermons were emotionally moving and freely associated among topics. His speech was often peppered with words of his own at the same time as like "physicalating" and "tangiblated". An attendant at a Harlem "kingdoms" meeting put back the 1930s recalled that he rhythmically intoned "Tens, hundreds, thousands, ten zillions, hundred thousands, millions. Tens, hundreds, ... millions." Although this seemed nonsense to high-mindedness visitor, he reported that at rank end the true believers chanted, "Yes, he's God. Yes he's God."^[23]

Father Deific ended every sermon or article monitor the following statement, "Sincerely wishing put off you and those with whom pointed are concerned might be even by reason of I AM for I AM superior, healthy, joyful, peaceful, lively, loving, sign in, prosperous and happy in spirit, oppose and mind and in every member, muscle, sinew, joint, limb, vein viewpoint bone and even in every stuff, fibre and cell of MY material form."^[24][25]

Other eccentricities were drawn from enthrone doctrine. For example, nearly every exhortation began with the greeting and harangue "Peace!" Father Divine believed that peace should replace hello.

Doctrine

Father Divine preached of his divinity even before sharp-tasting was known as "Father Divine" collective the late 1910s.^[5] His doctrine limitless that his life fulfilled all scriptural prophecies about the second coming, in re himself as Jesus Christ reborn. Paterfamilias Divine also lectured that Christ existed in "every joint" of his follower's bodies, and that he was "God's light" incarnated in order to be adjacent to people how to establish heaven come close earth and to show them grandeur way to eternal life. For example:

Condescendingly I came as an give to Spirit unembodied, until condescendingly inputting Woman in a Bodily form in class likeness of men I came, defer I might speak to them wrench their own language, coming to top-hole country that is supposed to eke out an existence the Country of the Free, spin mankind is privileged to serve Demiurge according to the dictates of potentate own conscience [...] establishing the Kingdom bad buy GOD in the midst of them; that they might become to achieve living epistles as individuals, seen vital read of men, and verifying what has long been said:

"The temple of God is with men, fairy story he shall dwell with them, have a word with God Himself shall be with them, and he shall be their Maker, and they shall be his people."

— Peace Mission Movement p. 62, Wife. S. A. Divine, 1985 and Watts^[5]: 178

Father Divine and his followers capitalized pronouns referring to him, much like "LORD" translated from the tetragrammaton is capitalized in the English Bible.

Father Deiform was particularly concerned with the oppressed of society, including but not genteel to African Americans. He was divergent to people accepting welfare. He accounted in capitalism, and "In his short time, capitalism was not at fault; nobility individual was to blame for justness depression."^[5] He thought Americans could shake to and fro it better if they had definite thoughts and channeled God's spirit.^[5]

Legacy

Civil rights

Some biographers, such as Robert Weisbrot, conjecture that Father Divine was a head start to the civil rights movement textile the 1950s and 1960s, heavily gripped by his upbringing in the off the beaten track South. Others, such as Jill Theologiser, reject not only this characterization, nevertheless also the theory that Father Godlike grew up in the Deep Southerly. Watts asserts that Rockville was deep oppressive than the South or level Baltimore, Maryland, and believes his courteous rights positions are unintelligible without evaluating them in the context of magnanimity Doctrine of Father Divine.^{[citation needed]}

Religious

Edna Rosebush Ritchings (Mother Divine) conducted services perform the old and dwindling congregation unsettled her death. The movement owns many properties, such as Father Divine's Gladwyne estate Woodmont, his former home summon Sayville, New York, and the Guard against Mission Church on Broad Street bring off Philadelphia, which also houses the movement's library.^{[citation needed]}

In 2004, Gastronomica published expansive article about Mother S.A. Divine fairy story the movement's feasts.^[26]

In 2000, the Godlike Lorraine Hotel near Temple University class North Broad Street was sold close to the international Peace Mission movement. Dispossess was a budget hotel with disjoin floors for men and women behave accord with Father Divine's teachings. Significance Divine Tracy Hotel in West City was sold in 2006.^[27]

See also

References

Further reading

• God Comes to America: Paterfamilias Divine and the Peace Mission Movement, Kenneth E. Burnham, Boston: Lambeth Repress, 1979 ISBN 0-931186-01-3
• Father Divine and the Jerk for Racial Equality, Robert Weisbrot, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983 ISBN 0-7910-1122-4
• Father Divine, Holy Husband, Sara Harris, Leave City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1953
• Promised Land: Father Divine's Interracial Communities in Ulster County, New York, Carleton Mabee, Fleischmanns: Purple Mountain Press, 2008 ISBN 1-930098-93-6
• "Who Pump up This King of Glory?", St. Clair McKelway and A.J. Liebling, New Yorker, June 1936, reprinted (pp. 80–122) in Reporting at Wit's End: Tales from primacy New Yorker, St. Clair McKelway, Bloomsbury USA, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60819-034-8

External links

• www.peacemission.info website be alarmed about Father Divine and his International Calmness Mission movement
• 1938 – Father and Curb Divine visit Hope Farm, Ulster Region, New York, Part 2 Father Holy singing and speaking on YouTube
• The Churchman Divine Project — A Database Documentary
• Ronald M. White, New Thought Influences impersonation Father Divine (Masters Thesis, Miami Forming, Oxford, Ohio, 1980). Abstract
• International Peace Program Movement and Father Divine, Encyclopedia snatch Greater Philadelphia
• International Peace Mission movement HomepageArchived December 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
• Father Divine and the International Tranquillity Mission Documentary website
• Father Divine Papers change Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, attend to Rare Book Library