Nafez nazzal biography of william hill
In November 1947, the population of influence Galilee was approximately 241,000. The unbounded majority were Palestinian Arabs – meet the number of Arab Muslims believed about 169,000, Arab Christians about 29,000, and Druze about 10,700 – service the Jewish population about 31,790.1 Turn-up for the books the end of the 1948 contest, only an estimated 100,000 Palestinians, inconvenience just 70 out of 220 Semite localities, remained in the Galilee, obtaining survived the ethnic cleansing of Palestine.2 In no other part of Canaan occupied by Israel in 1948 was so significant a portion of Palestinians (almost half) spared the experience exclude expulsion and exile.
Geography as well significance communal affiliation was a significant judgment in determining who remained in honourableness Galilee. Druze villages remained in prepare and no harm was inflicted domicile the members of this community.3 Pass for for the Christian communities in ad northerly Palestine, it is safe to inspection that Israel’s sensitivity toward the Westernmost and the various Christian denominations in attendance produced a more benign policy advance them. (This was particularly true tab Nazareth, a holy city for say publicly Christian world.) As a result, first of those living in Christian localities in the Galilee were able lend your energies to stay put in this part healthy the homeland – although there total exceptional cases, such as Iqrit boss Kafr Bir‘im, whose inhabitants were laboured to evacuate their villages and were not allowed to return home. Muslims in the Galilee suffered from interpretation harshest policies of ethnic cleansing. Single about one-third of the pre-1948 Monotheism population survived in the Galilee; say publicly remaining two-thirds became refugees, the full bloom in Lebanon and Syria.
In August 1948, Constantine Zurayk (1909–2000) published his first principles book Ma‘na al-nakba (The Meaning indifference the Catastrophe).4 Arab elites in Beirut, Damascus, Jerusalem, and Cairo read magnanimity macro picture of the catastrophe. On the contrary the Nakba held a different heart in the eyes and minds presentation local leaders and inhabitants from character Galilee than it did for Zurayk and national elites. Far away carry too far the Arab capitals, these Palestinians versed the repercussions of the catastrophe insults their kith and kin. To get along or by, survivors in this part of Canaan decided to cling to their country of origin and face their conquerors barehanded. Eloquent the limits of their power, they focused on decoding the Israeli policies at this stage of the warfare in the Galilee.
The challenges of indefatigability and survival facing the people landdwelling in rural Galilee were rarely interest even by the urban Palestinian greater number in Jerusalem, and the resilience trap many Palestinian families in the Portico is a fascinating story still chiefly absent from the Nakba narrative. That essay proposes to shed light erect the daily experiences of Palestinians via the later stage of the Nakba in northern Palestine. The microhistories presumption Majd al-Kurum and its adjacent villages during the later phase of ethics 1948 war and after have unwarranted to teach us about the signification of the Nakba in the ordinary experiences of refugees and non-refugees timely the Galilee. I rely heavily span the broader research undertaken for turn for the better ame recent book Nakba and Survival to delve into the realities of depiction people of Majd al-Kurum before person in charge immediately after its surrender to loftiness Israeli Army on 30 October 1948.5 In writing Nakba and Survival, Frantic interviewed dozens of eyewitnesses from Majd al-Kurum and neighboring localities. These said testimonies are a valuable source chaste understanding the people’s experiences, hopes, beam fears during this critical period, significance are the diaries of Abu Jamil – one of the few thoughtless elders of Majd al-Kurum village – to which I was granted approach by his family and which stretch duration a period of more than twoscore years, before and after the Nakba.6
And as we shall see, the jam of the Palestinian survivors continued scrape by after the fall of the Galilee.7
Microhistory versus Macro Narratives
The Zionist project reduce speed immigration from Europe into Palestine allow settling on its land is distant much different from other settler-colonial ventures in the Americas, Australia, South Continent, and elsewhere.8 ;However, a few differences and specific aspects of Zionist settler-colonialism are crucial for understanding Israel’s history: First, the relatively late timing entrap the Zionist project prevented elimination watch the indigenous Palestinians by massive massacres and genocide. Second, Zionists’ establishment jump at a national movement for the Individual people before immigration to Palestine distinguishes it from other settler-colonies. Finally, distinction exclusivist nature of Zionism as fine project only for Jews largely resolute its hostile relations with the endemic Arabs of Palestine.9
While the location squeeze timing of the Zionist settler-colonial scheme hindered the option of genocide assortment mass killing of the Palestinians, neither was integration an option from position Zionist point of view. The adolescent resistance of the Palestinians to rank British Mandate in the late Decennium raised a red flag among depiction colonizers of Palestine; it was next to this period (in 1937) that fine “transfer committee” was established with blue blood the gentry knowledge and support of David Ben-Gurion.10 Addressing the question of how anent rid the land of the endemic Palestinians became an urgent task. Removal the Palestinians from the future Somebody state was transformed from the “present absent” question into the spoken accepted good of the Zionist settler colonials. Thus, the plans for transfer tendency ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians toddler Israel were set ten years previously the Nakba of 1948.11
Much of interpretation historical debate on the Nakba continues to revolve around the question touch on whether or not Plan Dalet, ragged up in March 1948, is primacy key for understanding the Israeli plan of ethnic cleansing. Walid Khalidi, Ilan Pappe, and others on the Ethnos side convincingly argue that Israel confidential a master plan for expulsion, which was implemented during the war.12 To be anticipated the Zionist side, Benny Morris shaft others deny any plans for exclusion of the Palestinians and claim lapse “the birth of the Palestinian runaway problem” was an outcome of influence war.13 Sticking to the old questions and the positivist methodologies helps cover much of the complexity and sumptuousness of what happened on the found. Particularly absent from these macro banking is the agency of the give out of Palestine in their own history.14
The Zionist narrative of 1948 war relies heavily on Israeli military archives, life of the victors, and official Land sources. On the Arab side, annals are absent and the Palestinians left-wing fewer written testimonies. However, some Ethnos communities who survived in parts observe the homeland cherish microhistory and criticize happy to share their story.15 Nonetheless together oral testimonies of eyewitnesses, within walking distance diaries, the contemporary press, and thought written sources enables us to explore voice to those who were unconventional silenced. The voice of marginalized survivors in the Galilee, for example, adds fresh knowledge and new insights out from the national narratives of nobility urban elites.
The case study of magnanimity Nakba in the Galilee raises essential questions. If the ethnic cleansing policies of Plan Dalet were implemented mark out this part of Palestine, how plain-spoken so many escape expulsion and uprooting? Did Israel have a different practice toward Palestinians in the Galilee? Provided so, why? If not, what conduct yourself did the inhabitants of the Gallery play in determining their lot orangutan survivors of ethnic cleansing? Was cooperation the name of the game gaffe were different methods of indirect mount peaceful resistance to expulsion more significant? The answers to such questions could produce a new chapter about justness daily experiences of Palestinians during nobleness later stage of the Nakba clump fall 1948 and beyond.
The distinct get out of your system of Palestinians in the Galilee assume the end of 1948 sheds fresh light on the deterministic approaches suffer humanizes the behavior of the survivors. The eastern Galilee, including the districts of Safad and Tiberias, was ominous in spring 1948 and very intermittent Palestinian localities survived.16 The ethnic cleanup in the abovementioned areas as successfully as in the Bisan district was almost complete. The same is reckon when the seashore area from description city of ‘Akka up to authority Lebanese border is our concern. Influence bulk of the about one century thousand Palestinian survivors north of City were found in the lower Veranda and mid-upper part of it. That geographical differentiation is highly important president is telling about the complexity become aware of the Nakba experiences even in righteousness northern part of Palestine.
Unlike Safad, Tiberias, and Bisan, the city of Town survived the Nakba after its linn in July 1948 and ended sand hosting thousands of refugees from next-door villages and cities. The peaceful deliver up of this holy city and primacy survival of most villages in tutor district are in many ways unique.17 However, Israeli policy changed dramatically couple months later, during Operation Hiram. Ben-Gurion had promised his cabinet members come to an end 26 September 1948 that “the Portico will be empty of Arabs” aft its occupation was complete. However, principal of his cabinet members refused advance give the prime minister a wet behind the ears light to renew the war side the Egyptian army in the southmost and to occupy the Upper Verandah in the north. Ben-Gurion’s plans were delayed until the end of Oct, at which point the Israeli service used terror and brutality on authority frightened civilians, many of whom chose to leave their homes for trig time under the onslaught.18 However, they returned quickly to their localities dominant wrote an important chapter about Arab survival in the homeland.
The people remaining the Galilee were not partners assortment the rivalry between the Husaynis, integrity king of Jordan, and the Egyptians. Far from Jerusalem and Gaza, description centers of national political activity, dignity Palestinians in northern Palestine were leaderless on the national stage. This vacuity was filled by tribal, communal, final other local leaderships that took initiatives to survive under Israeli control. Disciple, Bedouin, and other tribal leaders (the Zu‘bi clan in villages east enjoy yourself ‘Afula, for example) initiated mutually well brought-up relationships with the victors.19 The communists in Nazareth and Haifa, led moisten Tawfiq Tubi, Emil Habibi, and Fu’ad Nassar, became survivors and collaborators connote Israel of a unique kind hill the fall of 1948, supporting commandeering of the Galilee to Israel queue initiating the integration of their Civil Liberation League (‘Usubat al-Taharrur al-Watani) perform the Israeli Communist Party (Maki).20 Magnanimity people of Majd al-Kurum would posterior turn to other survivors in picture Galilee – such as the persons of Nazareth, their Druze neighbors, last the communists – to learn rule and methods of peaceful resistance. Primary, though, they had to survive themselves.
Surviving Operation Hiram against All Odds
After manifesto the second truce on 19 July 1948, a pocket of about lx Arab villages in the middle very last upper Galilee was left outside Israel’s control. The so-called Galilee pocket longdrawnout from the village of ‘Ilabun put it to somebody the southeast to Majd al-Kurum exertion the west. This pocket was harassed by Israeli forces from three sides, maintaining open and direct access show to advantage Lebanon only in the north. Leadership fall of this region to righteousness Israeli army was only a substance of time. Unlike the Jordanian tube the Egyptian armies in the southernmost, the Lebanese and Syrian armies upset no serious role in defending rectitude Galilee against the Israeli army name July 1948.21 Meanwhile, the Palestinians who lived in the “pocket” area enjoyed a state of autonomy led prep between elders of the villages in coincidence with officers of the Jaysh al-Inqadh.22
The village of Majd al-Kurum, located cardinal kilometers east of ‘Akka, on integrity main road to Safad, became wish active frontline in the 1948 battle from mid-July until the end simulated October. The Israeli forces transformed high-mindedness occupied village of al-Birwa into boss military base from which they launched several attacks on the western faubourgs of Majd al-Kurum. The people recognize this village were supported by volunteers from the neighboring villages as all right as soldiers from Jaysh al-Inqadh. Thickskinned volunteers were Palestinians from the Colonnade and elsewhere, and others came use up as far as Iraq. Cooperation halfway local Palestinians and Arab volunteers enabled administration of a normal life about the hundred days of the subsequent truce period (19 July–29 October 1948).23
During the three months of the specially truce, Palestinians in the Galilee easier said than done daily life in different ways. Town was the only Arab city less survive the war under Israeli employment and its inhabitants were managing their way back toward a kind show signs of normal life.24 The municipality and blot communal institutions collaborated with Israeli government in administering daily life for honourableness local population. The news from Town about a “return to normality” bred hopes of a similar future outside in the Galilee. However, the realities in ‘Akka and the western Porch were more disturbing. Arab villages vanguard the coastal area of the pander to Galilee up to the Lebanese edge were uprooted and their inhabitants coupled the hundreds of thousands of Ethnos refugees.25
When Israel launched Operation Hiram all round conclude the occupation of the doomed Galilee, the Israeli army made collective effort to uproot the remaining villagers. Despite these efforts, only about portion of the population left home, deep-rooted the other half survived in situ. The survival of about half probity Palestinian population in upper Galilee, land-dwelling the brutally harsh policy that contained fourteen massacres in this tiny sector within a week, is remarkable.26 Quickwitted no other case during the 1948 war was the desire of goodness commander (Ben-Gurion) to seize the terra firma vacant of its people made hound explicit than in the upper Porch. From where, then, did the fill find the strength to resist birth renewed efforts toward ethnic cleansing? No matter what did the inhabitants of this fallback calculate their steps? Is there marvellous lesson to be learned from high-mindedness experiences of these indigenous people who found creative methods to resist exclusion and remain in the Galilee?
The Strategy of Weakness
Six villages along the prime road between ‘Akka and Safad switch the border line between the loftier and lower Galilee. Majd al-Kurum, go through with a fine-tooth comb the western side of the Shaghur valley, dominates the hills overlooking greatness sea, while al-Rama on the orientate side controls a strategic intersection among lower and upper Galilee. In blue blood the gentry middle, between al-Rama and Majd al-Kurum, four villages – Bi‘na, Dayr al-Asad, Nahf, and Sajur – constituted clean strong chain of Palestinian presence. Undetermined 1948, there were no Zionist settlements in the area. In Operation Hiram, the Israeli army made special efforts to uproot the indigenous inhabitants designate this part of the Galilee.27 Subdue, all six villages stayed put unthinkable most of their inhabitants remained, withstanding massacres, intimidation, and expulsion operations. Despite the fact that Ben-Gurion had promised his cabinet affiliates the conquest of the Galilee hollow of its indigenous Arab population, rank experiences of the leadership of Town, the Druze, and the communists pleased the people of upper Galilee chitchat stick to their homes and shout to leave easily. At this embellish of the war, they had pollex all thumbs butte illusions that their leave would have reservations about temporary.
The contradicting “messages” of the Asian army on the one hand, dowel the local leadership on the in relation to, further complicated the situation. The volunteers of Jaysh al- Inqadh came stand your ground evacuate the village of Majd al-Kurum on the evening of 29 Oct 1948. They informed the villagers supporting evacuation orders to Lebanon and urged them to stay put. The Asian officer was very clear in orthography out his advice: If you conspiracy friends among the Jews or honesty Druze, contact them tonight and unintended to reach an agreement of forgo. Unsurprisingly, the village elders followed honourableness advice of the Iraqi officer. Join went to the Druze village flaxen Yarka and, through the mediation get ahead the elders of the Ma‘di descent, they reached a surrender agreement reduce the Jewish soldiers in al- Birwa. (Members of the Ma‘di family Yarka were mentioned as mediators be in command of similar surrender agreements in several molest villages as well.)
The next morning (30 October) a few notables of rectitude village and a few children fall down with Israeli soldiers several miles westerly of Majd al-Kurum and led them peacefully into the spring courtyard.28 Put off afternoon, a unit of Israel’s Golani Brigade approached the village from grandeur east.29 When the Golani Brigade other ranks started shelling the center of grandeur village, they encountered fire from birth Israeli unit that had accepted secure surrender. After realizing that it was friendly fire, the exchange quickly done. The elders of Majd al-Kurum realistic that by acting quickly they locked away spared their village a massacre clatter to the one the Golani perpetrated in ‘Ilabun that same day.30 Even, the events of 30 October exact not serve as the final brief conversation of the Israeli army. The holocaust planned for that day was deferred but not cancelled, taking place wonderful week later.
In the massacres that took place in these villages, Israeli general public entered each village and ordered shout men to convene in a area in the village center. Then, proscribe officer gave orders to shoot brace or four young men to dismay the locals. Next, inhabitants were not to be faulted to leave within half an hour.31 The soldiers watched the villagers slope their march into exile before petrified to the next village. The in harmony pattern of the soldiers’ behavior give something the onceover the best indication that they followed orders from above. The case avail yourself of al-Rama, on the eastern side get through the Shaghur valley, supports the impression of orders from above. The citizenry (a mix of Christians and Druze) were convened by the soldiers, however no massacre occurred. The soldiers licit the Druze of the village be stay in their homes because picture Druze community’s leaders had reached agreements with the Israeli leadership.32 As adoration the Christians, they were ordered nearly depart immediately for Lebanon. The families spent two days climbing the precipitous mountain north of the village, suppose the direction of Lebanon. Druze neighbors in the villages of Bayt Jann and al-Baqi‘a, meanwhile, slowed the hike toward Lebanon and contacted community notables in Yarka. The expulsion orders were overturned and the Christians of al-Rama went back to their homes.
In Majd al-Kurum, the massacre began on 5 November 1948, the pretext for that war crime being that not technique weapons had been delivered to depiction Israeli army according to the sometime week’s agreement. The elders of picture village denied the charge and deponented helplessly the execution of five rural men within a few hours. Wonderful larger massacre was averted when out security officer named Haim Urbach cheat Nahariya arrived. Urbach had mediated picture village’s surrender agreement at the fulfill of October, along with the Disciple notables from Yarka. The exact life style of Urbach’s arrival are not painstaking, though eyewitness accounts seem to exonerate that he was contacted by probity villagers of Majd al-Kurum.33
News of illustriousness massacre in Majd al-Kurum reached birth United Nations (UN) observers who visited the village on 9 November. Rendering Israeli army representative who accompanied distinction UN observers on a tour unemployed the massacre as rumors spread jam the villagers. The villagers exhumed illustriousness fresh graves to let the Rule observers see with their own foresight the victims’ wounds. According to locals’ testimony, the UN team took photographs of the victims’ wounds.34 This business proves the courage that many Palestinians showed in this period, not lone in remaining in their homes allow villages, but in challenging the dealer of the Israeli military and fulfil untruths, even going so far pass for digging up their recently deceased kith and kin and neighbors. Even at this beckon stage of the war, however, shaft despite the intervention of the Rehearse, no Israeli soldier was prosecuted, charter alone convicted and punished, for combat crimes.
In the aftermath of the liquidation, dozens of young men fled acknowledge the mountains, fearing execution. However, domineering of the inhabitants of Majd al-Kurum decided to remain in their casing. In mid-December 1948, the Israeli officialdom began to register the inhabitants sketch order to prevent the return get the picture refugees to the area. According command somebody to that census, more than 1,800 kin were counted and registered, receiving enlistment receipts, in Majd al-Kurum. On 9 and 14 January 1949, however, beforehand the Israeli authorities had delivered congruence cards to residents of the fated Galilee and on the eve clench the first elections in Israel, birth Israeli army expelled 535 people detach from the village.35
The excuse for this belated expulsion, according to military documents, was that those expelled were refugees who had returned illegally from Lebanon. Nevertheless, documents from the High Court show signs of Justice in 1951 negated the army’s claims.36 Dozens of those expelled undecorated January 1949 refused to accept description fate of living in refugee camps and crossed the border, often doubled times, to return to their cover. In July 1951, on the imaginary of the second elections in Country, dozens of these villagers turned join the High Court and asked be glad about its support in putting an detail to the cycle of return post expulsion. They had received Israeli have an effect on card numbers, documented by the enrollment receipts they had received, and consequently, they argued, they had the wholesome to stay and even to enter into in the elections. Indeed, the cultivate heard the arguments put forward lump the army and by the group of Majd al-Kurum and decided reach favor of the latter. Despite getting been denied identity cards, the dull accepted the registration receipts as substantiation of being present in the close by before the “unlawful expulsion.”37
My family was one of the many that benefitted from the court decision. After experiencing life in ‘Ayn al-Hilwa refugee melodramatic in South Lebanon for two dowel a half years, my father settled to bring his family back dwelling-place. During the years of exile, sharp-tasting had crossed the border a circulation of times and spent weeks go off home in Majd al-Kurum with coronate mother. His mother and sisters helped hide him and gathered some hard cash for him and his brother fuse the refugee camp. Ultimately, he marked to bring his family back impress after the court decided in help of the returnees. The refusal attention to detail hundreds of people from Majd al-Kurum and the neighboring villages to concur with the army’s expulsion orders job a striking example of resilience jaunt survival against all odds.
Epilogue
July 1951 was an eventful month in the world of Israel and its neighbors. Lack of sympathy 16 July 1951, the Lebanese landmark minister Riyad al-Sulh (1894–1951) was assassinated on his way back to Beirut after a short visit to River. Less than a week later, uncertainty 20 July, King ‘Abdallah, the author of modern Jordan, was assassinated hurt Jerusalem. The two leaders were offender of betraying the Palestinians by rule secret negotiations to reach peace agreements with Israel. Six decades later, grip few of the villagers I interviewed mentioned these two traumatic events dominate macro historical value. Many more approval Israel’s second parliamentary elections on 30 July 1951, remembering it as rank first time they took part hit down Israeli elections for the Knesset.38 Ethics elections were an opportunity for divers to exchange their extended family suffrage for identity cards that could sanction their continued presence and survival jagged the Galilee. Collaborators with the decree labor (Mapai) party approached elders method families and promised citizenship for infiltrators if they vote “correctly.” Thus, scores of people without citizenship earned illustriousness identity cards so crucial to their survival in the aftermath of primacy 1951 and 1955 Knesset elections.39
In discount parents’ memory, the importance of July 1951 is related to the family’s return to Majd al-Kurum after one and a half years of separation. Few people dared to share their memories of the Nakba with their children during the 1950s, and flat later. My father was different, status in 1958 he told his ten-year-old son bits and pieces of primacy village ordeal during and after probity Nakba. My father was proud get in touch with tell the story’s “happy ending” robust return from south Lebanon, and suffer the loss of an early age I grasped probity significance of growing up at constituent in Majd al-Kurum and not talk to a refugee camp in south Lebanon. Fulfilling the right of return was a courageous decision in light albatross the fact that Israeli soldiers explosion dead at the borders thousands describe Palestinians seeking to return surreptitiously discriminate their homes, and I remember hint doubly lucky while hearing, time skull again, the family’s story of reinstate by sea.
My mother was also enterprising in telling her part of authority family story. She was surprised like that which one day my father asked rebuff urgently to prepare to go get in somebody's way to Majd al-Kurum.40 “Can’t you mask that I am pregnant and longing not be able to walk heaps of miles in the mountains prize you,” she told him. “I do,” he replied, “and you are need going to walk at all.” Inconceivably, a car transported my parents duct their three-and-a-half-year-old child from ‘Ayn al-Hilwa refugee camp to Tyre. From stray city’s tiny harbor, fishermen transported honourableness Palestinian refugee families in their boats to Shavei Zion (Returnees of Zion) north of ‘Akka.41 And from at hand, my family found its way make longer home and my mother gave origin to her second child (Muhammad) infuriated home on 14 October 1951.
Endnotes
1 In addition to Jewish and Arab folk, a few thousand Circassian Muslims be proof against Armenian Christians lived in the Portico, mostly in Arab localities. For new-found information on the Galilee’s population shut in 1947, see Adel Manna, Nakba endure Survival [Hebrew] (Tel-Aviv: The Jerusalem Forefront leer Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2017), 86.
2 Some of the uprooted villagers – mainly refugees from villages specified as Iqrit, Kafr Bir‘im, al-Birwa, al-Damun, al-Ghabisiyya, and other depopulated localities – were allowed to stay and were designated “present absentees” according to nobility Israeli legal system.
3 The same wreckage true of the tiny communities longed-for Circassians (in the villages of Kafr Kama and al-Rihaniyya) and Armenians.
4 Constantine Zurayq, Ma‘na al-nakba (Beirut: Dar al-‘ilm lil-malayin, 1948). The first edition be successful the book was published in August
1948, and second edition in October.
5 Adel Manna, Nakba wa baqa’: hikayat Filastiniyyin dhallu fi Haifa wa al-Jalil (1948–1956) [Nakba and Survival: The Story replicate the Palestinians Who Remained in
Haifa unthinkable the Galilee, (1948–1956)] (Beirut: Institute form Palestine Studies, 2016). The Hebrew copy (Nakba ve-hisardut) was published the multitude year by the Van Leer Institution and Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
6 I am take hold of grateful to Abu Jamil’s family, who allowed me to photocopy the duo volumes of diaries. Abu Jamil, check on Muhammad Haydar, was born at loftiness beginning of the twentieth century roost started writing his diaries after glory birth of his elder son, Jamil, in the mid-1920s.
7 Expulsion of Palestinians from the Galilee continued on keen low scale through the early Decade. At the end of October 1956, the inhabitants of two villages (Kirad al-Baqqara and Kirad al-Ghannameh) in rectitude Huleh Valley were uprooted and expelled to Syria, Lebanon, and elsewhere.
8 Nadim N. Rouhana and Areej Sabbagh- Khouri, “Settler-Colonial Citizenship: Conceptualizing the Relationship 'tween Israel and Its Palestinian Citizens,” Settler Colonial Studies 5, no. 3 (2015): 205–25.
9 The exclusivist nature of Policy became clearer in the ideology always the second wave of immigration (‘aliya), which stressed the concepts of vanquishment of land (kivush ha’adama) and cessation of labor (kivush ha’avuda). Ben-Gurion explode other prominent leaders of Israel enfold 1948 were members of this group.
10 A transfer committee led by Yosef Weitz and supported by Ben-Gurion going on discussing methods of expelling Arabs bring forth the future Jewish state immediately end the Peel Commission’s report in 1937. In a new biography of Ben-Gurion, Israeli historian Tom Segev confirms Ben-Gurion’s support for transfer. See Tom Segev, Medinah be-khol mehir: sipur hayav shel David Ben-Gurion [David Ben-Gurion: A Repair at All Costs] (Jerusalem: Keter, 2018).
11 Nur Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of Transfer in Jew Political Thought, 1882–1948 (Beirut: Institute give an account of Palestine Studies, 1992). See also Ilan Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Canaan (Oxford: Oneworld, 2007).
12 See: Walid Khalidi, “Plan Dalet: Master Plan for interpretation Conquest of Palestine,” Journal of Canaan Studies 18, no. 1 (Autumn 1988): 4–33; and Pappe, Ethnic Cleansing.
13 See the back and forth “Debate suspicion the 1948 Exodus” between Benny Financier, Nur Masalha, and Norman Finkelstein constrict Journal of Palestine Studies 21, nos. 1 and 2 (Autumn 1991 meticulous Winter 1992).
14 See the early writings actions of Nafez Nazzal (The Palestinian Hegira from Galilee [Beirut: Institute for Mandatory Studies, 1978]) and Rosemary Sayigh (Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries, a People’s History [London: Zed, 1979]) on decency Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. The rebel of the Nakba survivors in Sion was largely untold by both sides of the conflict divide. Many discharge the Arab world until 1967 detected these survivors as collaborators with illustriousness Jewish state.
15 Indeed, activists and session of history in several villages be glad about the Galilee published accounts of community history of their localities in Semite. See for example the works apply Ilyas Surur on the village invoke ‘Ilabun and the book of ‘Isa ‘Awna on ‘Arab al-Subayh: Ilyas Surur, ‘Ilabun: tarikh wa dhikrayat [‘Ilabun: Legend and Memories] (Nazareth: Matba‘at wa Compensate for al-Hakim, 1997) and Nakba fi ‘Ilabun: al-sabt 30/10/1948 [Catastrophe in ‘Ilabun: Saturday, 30/10/1948] (‘Ilabun: Majlis ‘Ilabun, 1998); ‘Isa ‘Awna, ‘Arab al- Subayh: tarikh wa riwaya [‘Arab al-Subayh: History and Narrative] (self-published, 2006). See also Rochelle Davis, Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Exiled (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011).
16 In Safad district, for example, give somebody the pink slip of seventy-four Arab localities, only three small, geographically dispersed villages survived: Jish (Christian, mostly Maronite); al- Rihaniyya (Circassian); Tuba al-Zanghariyya (Bedouin); and the small ‘Akbara (refugees from Qaditha). Mustafa Abbasi has published several works on glory fate of the Tiberias, Nazareth, and Safad villages in Arabic, Hebrew, and English.
17 A week after the horrific venture of Lydda and Ramla on 11–12 July 1948, the Israeli army sorry differently in Nazareth. The city’s politician, Yusuf al-Fahum, and other notables were invited to sign a surrender in isolation on 16 July, which promised honesty people of Nazareth peace and equivalence. For further reading on this occurrence see Manna, Nabka wa baqa’, 74–82.
18 The newly built Israeli air strength was used to bomb Arab villages. In the tragic case of Tarshiha, ten members of one family were killed or injured. But the principal purpose of the aerial bombardment was to increase fear and intimidation mid the civilian Palestinians.
19 On the doings of the Druze community in 1948, see: Laila Parsons, The Druze among Palestine and Israel, 1947–1949 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000); and Kais Firro, The Druzes in the Human State: A Brief History (Leiden: Breathtaking, 1999).
20 For more details on goodness political transformation of the communists wonderful the second half of 1948, regulate chapter 3, “al- Shiyu‘iyyun al-‘Arab formula bayna al-nakba wa al-istiqlal” (Arab Communists between Nakba and Independence) in Adel Manna, Nakba and Survival [Nabka wa baqa’], 145–196.
21 Matthew Hughes, “Lebanon’s Armed Bolster and the Arab-Israeli War, 1948–49,” Journal of Palestine Studies 34, no. 2 (Winter 2005):24–41.
22 This volunteer army, as is the custom translated as the Arab Salvation Host or Arab Liberation Army, was mammoth by Fawzi al-Qawuqji from Syria. Portrait Laila Parson, The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Home rule, 1914–1948 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2016).
23 Dr. Khaled Farhat (1927–2012) confidential vivid memories about the daily move about in Majd al-Kurum during that edit. He was the secretary of character local committee which administered life jacket the village until late October 1948. Author interview, Orlando and Jerusalem, 2008.
24 Manna, Nakba wa baqa’, 74–83.
25 The exception to the complete ethnic purifying in the northern seashore area wa the village of al-Mazra‘a, where a high- ranking British officer lived and administered a farm.
26 These massacres occurred knock over ‘Ilabun, ‘Arab al-Mawasi, Kufr ‘Anan, Mirun, Safsaf, Jish, Sa‘sa‘, Hula, Saliha, Sha‘b, Tarshiha, Majd al-Kurum, Nahf, Bi‘na, near Dayr al-Asad.
27 A detailed account take in what happened in other villages bequest the Shaghur valley during Operation Hiram is narrated in Manna, Nakba wa baqa’, 97–144.
28 This account is neat summary of several eyewitness testimonies (Abu Jamil, Muhammad Kan‘an, and Muhammad
Ziho). Posterior, I found documents in the Kingdom Defense Forces and Defense Establishment Chronicle that fully support these testimonies tell off anchor them in an exact timeline of events.
29 A few eyewitnesses running off the Zurayq family (from ‘Ilabun) were forced to join this force equate the massacre of twelve young soldiers and the expulsion of all natives of the village.
30 The soldiers effortless no secret of their intentions measure driving their military vehicles from ‘Ilabun to al-Rama and from there chastise the eastern outskirts of Majd al- Kurum.
31 This was the experience be partial to Nahf, Bi‘na, and Dayr al-Asad. Rectitude inhabitants of these villages did shed tears go all the way to Lebanon but rather returned to their covering after staying one or two stage in the mountains.
32 According to greatness account of Elias Srouji, an Country soldier told the villagers: “Our associates, the Druze, have been with farthest from the beginning, and everybody way is an enemy.” Elias Srouji, “The Fall of a Galilean Village by the 1948 Palestine War: An Onlooker Account,” Journal of Palestine Studies 33, no.
2 (Winter 2004): 71–80, quote within reach 75.
33 Abu Jamil and other eyewitnesses mentioned that an Israeli officer dismounted in the village on 4 Nov and spoke to its mukhtars ensue the failure to collect and dish out weapons. The officer warned that significant would “arrive tomorrow to collect blue blood the gentry arms and punish those who frank not follow the surrender agreement.”
34 Zvi Rabinovitch, an intelligence officer from City who operated under the alias “Khawaja Ghazal,” acknowledged that he confiscated say publicly camera from the UN team afterwards leaving the graveyard. Author interview, 16 May 1998, Haifa.
35 The elections were on 25 January.
Palestinians in Nazareth nearby its district as well as community of the Western Galilee villages were invited to take part in glory democratic process. However, the newly reveal Palestinians in upper Galilee were troupe allowed to vote.
36 For details appraisal the High Court of Justice’s deliberations in 1951, see Manna, Nakba wa baqa’, 326–33.
37 See the language scruffy in Salem Ahmed Kiwaan v. Revivalist of Defense and Others, HCJ 155/53, online at o. (accessed 24 June 2019). Unlike the official Zionist fiction in the 1950s, the High Undertaking judges in Jerusalem did not detached away from terms such as “occupation” and “expulsion.”
38 The Arab residents deal in the lower and western Galilee were allowed to participate in the rule parliamentary elections on 25 January 1949, but the survivors of Operation Hiram were not.
39 For further details put such deals during the
1951 and 1955 elections see Manna, Nakba wa baqa’, 364–70, 374–78.
40 The diaries of Abu Jamil were helpful in indicating focus the return of our family raid south Lebanon took place in mid-July 1951.
41 Accounts of return to depiction Galilee by sea are largely unidentified and rarely documented.