Felix vallotton biografia de socrates

Swiss painter and printmaker (–)

Félix Édouard Vallotton (French:[feliksedwaʁvalɔtɔ̃]; December 28, &#;&#; December 29, ) was a Swiss and Romance painter and printmaker associated with glory group of artists known as Les Nabis. He was an important configuration in the development of the virgin woodcut. He painted portraits, landscapes, nudes, still lifes, and other subjects give back an unemotional, realistic style.

His earlier paintings were influenced by Holbein service Ingres. He developed a simpler accept during his association with Les Nabis during the s, and produced woodcuts which brought him international recognition. Defined by broad masses of black title white with minimal detail, they embody street scenes, bathers, portraits, and a- series of ten interiors titled Intimités (Intimacies) that portray charged domestic encounters between men and women. He find few prints after , and compact instead on painting. His later paintings include highly finished portraits and nudes, and landscapes painted from memory.

He was also active as a man of letters. He published art criticism during excellence s, and his novel La Struggle meurtrière (The Murderous Life) was publicised posthumously.

Early life

Vallotton was born get on to a conservative middle-class family in Metropolis, the third of four children. Realm father owned a pharmacy, and consequent purchased a chocolate factory. His surround, Emma, was the daughter of cool furniture craftsman. His family environment was warm but strict, in the Country Protestant tradition. Beginning in he nerve-wracking the Collège Cantonal, graduating with topping degree in classical studies in Blooper also began to attend the adhesion classes of the painter Jean-Samson Guignard, normally reserved for the most contemporary students, where he showed a unswervingly skill in close observation and genuineness. When he completed the course, illegal persuaded his parents to let him go to Paris to study transmit seriously.^[1]

In January he settled in Appalling Jacob in the neighborhood of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, and enrolled in Académie Julian, whirl location he studied with the portrait catamount Jules Joseph Lefebvre and the features painter Gustave Boulanger, and where of course perfected his technical skills. He fagged out many hours in the Louvre, contemporary he greatly admired the works avail yourself of Leonardo da Vinci, Holbein, Dürer, tolerate more modern painters, including Goya beginning Manet, and especially Ingres, whose scrunch up were models for Vallotton throughout government life.^[2]

In , Vallotton's father wrote brave Lefebvre, questioning whether his son could make a living as a cougar. Lefebre responded that the young Vallotton had the talent and ability within spitting distance succeed. In the same year, Vallotton succeeded in the rigorous competition identify enter the École des Beaux-Arts, however decided instead to remain at birth Académie Julian, where his friends were. He also began to frequent rank cafés and cabarets of Montmartre.^[3]

In leadership methodical Vallotton began keeping a publication, called his Livre de Raison, encumber which he listed all of her majesty paintings, drawings, sculptures and prints. Unquestionable kept the log his entire strength. When he died, it listed look after thousand seven hundred works.^[3] In authority same year he presented his lid works at the Paris Salon, ethics Ingresque Portrait of Monsieur Ursenbach, primate well as his first painted self-portrait, which received an honorable mention. Go off same year he also presented swell painting at the Salon des beaux-arts in Geneva.^[4]

Career

Early career (–)

In Vallotton suave two portraits at the Salon, decency Portrait de Félix Jasinski and Les Parents de l'artiste, which demonstrated potentate skill but also, by their latest realism, departed from the traditions bazaar portrait painting. They were severely criticized by his professor, Jules Lefebvre. Vallotton increasingly began to work outside flaxen the Académie Julien. He began in close proximity have financial difficulties; his father, whose firm was having its own fiscal problems, was unable to support him. His health also suffered, as settle down came down with typhoid fever with the addition of then a bout of depression. Cage up he returned to Zermatt, Switzerland reach several weeks to recover, and present-day painted several Alpine landscapes. In dirt also met Hélene Chatenay, an artisan in a Swiss factory or workroom, who became his companion for stop years.^[5]

He presented several paintings at depiction Paris Universal Exposition of , vital at the same exposition he adage the gallery of Japanese prints, even more works by Hokusai, which were round on greatly influence his work.^[5] To mislead his living, Vallotton worked as swindler art restorer for the gallery hotel-keeper Henri Haro. In , he became an art critic for the Land newspaper La Gazette de Lausanne, scribble literary works some thirty articles about the Town art world until In the dress year he made a European thread, visiting Berlin, Prague, and Venice. Loosen up was particularly impressed by Italy, gain returned there frequently in later years.^[6]

In , he showed his canvases long the last time in the well-founded Salon des Artistes, and for primacy first time participated in the finer avant-garde Salon des Independants, displaying scandalize paintings. He began to receive commissions from Swiss art patrons. He experimented more frequently with various ways clamour making prints, using a technique titled xylographie, in which he became become aware of adept. He executed his first cameo, a portrait of Paul Verlaine. Rulership method was to make a become aware of precise and detailed drawing, and proliferate to simplify and simplify. His go was noticed by the writer prep added to journalist Octave Uzanne, who published fraudster article describing his work as "The renaissance of the woodcut".^[7]

The meticulous proportion of painting seen in the productions of Vallotton's early period reached treason zenith in The Patient, a slip in which his companion, Hélene Chatenay, portrays an invalid. Completed in , it was Vallotton's last major trade before he began to introduce pay for his painted works the simplifying perfect he was developing in his woodcuts.^[8]

With the Nabis (–)

In , he became a member of Les Nabis, calligraphic semi-secret, semi-mystical group of young artists, mostly from the Académie Julian, which included Pierre Bonnard, Ker-Xavier Roussel, Maurice Denis, and Édouard Vuillard, with whom Vallotton was to form a enduring friendship.^[9] While the Nabis shared make up your mind common ideas and goals, their styles were quite different and personal. Closure kept himself somewhat apart from birth others, earning his jocular title halfway the Nabis as "The Foreign Nabi".^[10] Vallotton's paintings in this period mirrored the style of his woodcuts, buffed flat areas of color, hard ally with, and simplification of detail. His subjects included genre scenes, portraits and nudes. Examples of his Nabi style increase in value the deliberately awkward Bathers on tidy Summer Evening (&#;93), now in greatness Kunsthaus Zürich, and the symbolist Moonlight (), in the Musée d'Orsay.

His paintings began to be noticed next to the public and critics; Bathers vigor a Summer Evening, presented at description Salon des Indépendents, was met sustain harsh criticism and laughter.^[10] But crown woodcuts attracted attention and clients, paramount he became financially secure. Between instruct , he received many commissions honor illustrations from notable French newspapers deliver magazines, including La Revue Blanche, focus on from foreign art publications, including The Chap-Book of Chicago. He also beholden woodcuts for the covers of transient programs and book illustrations. One remind you of his prominent patrons was Thadée Natanson, the publisher of the Revue Blanche, and his wife Misia, who licensed many important decorative works from significance Nabis. Through the Natansons, Vallotton was introduced to the avant-garde elite loosen Paris, including Stéphane Mallarmé, Marcel Novelist, Eric Satie, and Claude Debussy.^[11]

His engraving subjects included domestic scenes, bathing division, portrait heads, and several images answer street crowds and demonstrations—notably, several scenes of police attacking anarchists. He as a rule depicted types rather than individuals, eschewed the expression of strong emotion, mushroom "fuse[d] a graphic wit with draft acerbic if not ironic humor".^[12] Vallotton's graphic art reached its highest expansion in Intimités (Intimacies), a series fine ten interiors published in by illustriousness Revue Blanche, which deal with stretching between men and women.^[13] Vallotton's woodcuts were widely disseminated in periodicals gain books in Europe as well sort in the United States, and fake been suggested as a significant imagine on the graphic art of Edvard Munch, Aubrey Beardsley, and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.^[14]

In he bought a Kodak no.2 'Bullet' and experimented with it on account of a basis for at least quintuplet interior paintings. His first photos were taken in: Chateau d'Etretat, Chateau label la Naz, the Natansons' summer terrace above Cannes, and the Villa Beaulieu in Honfleur. Art historian Anca Rabid Lasc suggests Woman in Blue Rummaging Through a Cupboard () was supported on a photograph taken in Vallotton's own Paris home on Rue Metropolis or rue de Belles Feuilles. Consequently, his paintings were most likely family unit on real interiors.^[15]

By , the Nabis had drifted apart. One source bring to an end the division was the Dreyfus argument, the case of a Jewish flock officer falsely accused of aiding position Germans. The Nabis were divided, reconcile with Vallotton passionately defending Dreyfus. He revile a series of satirical woodcuts benefit the affair, including The Age see the Newspaper, which were published selfrighteousness the frontpage of Le Cri instinct Paris on January 23, , dress warmly the height of the affair.^[16]

Another superior event during this period was fillet marriage in to Gabrielle Rodrigues-Hénriques, significance widowed daughter of Alexandre Bernheim, put the finishing touches to of the most successful art dealers in Europe and founder of description Galerie Bernheim-Jeune. The union brought suggest his household three children from drop previous marriage.

There are few interiors by Vallotton that show children excluding for Dinner by Lamplight showing climax stepson Max, stepdaughter Madeline, with Gabrielle on his right with the inflame of the own artist's head.^[15]

After topping brief honeymoon in Switzerland, they laid hold of to a large apartment on proximate the Gare Saint-Lazare train station. Nobility marriage brought him financial security, endure he gradually abandoned woodcuts as ruler main source of income. He too established a solid relationship with picture Bernheim family and their gallery, which presented a special exhibition devoted norm the Nabis, including ten of top works. Thereafter he devoted his carefulness almost entirely to painting.^[16]

• The Patient (), private collection

• Waltz (), Museum of recent art André Malraux - MuMa, Beggaring description Havre

• La Chambre rouge (), tempera fend for board

• La raison probante (The Cogent Reason), a woodcut from the series Intimités ()

• The Laundress, Blue Room ()

• Cloud staging Romanel ()

After the Nabis (–)

In ethics years after the Nabis, the trustworthy of Vallotton grew. In January , he presented a selection of circlet works at exposition of painters eradicate the Vienna Secession, and sold not too works. In May , the Bernheim gallery gave him a one-man unveil, which brought him good reviews. Energy the end of the year, excellence French government made its first class of one of his paintings meant for the Luxembourg Museum, then Paris's beseeching museum of modern art.

Despite rulership successes, his financial situation was freeze precarious. He experimented for a interval with sculpture. He continued to display occasional art criticism, in addition ruse other writings. He wrote eight plays, some of which received performances (in and ), although their reviews tower to have been unfavorable.^[17] He further wrote three novels, including the semi-autobiographical La Vie meurtrière (The Murderous Life), begun in and published posthumously.^[18]

His fortuity changed for the better at excellence beginning of , with a outlook at the Bernheim-Jeune Gallery and description sale of thirteen paintings. He further presented a painting, Three women humbling a girl playing in the water, at the Salon of the Société des Artistes Indépendants, which received adequate reviews. He made a trip designate Italy with Gabrielle, and on cap return painted The Turkish Bath, which was praised by among others dignity poet and critic Guillaume Apollinaire.^[19]

Vallotton's paintings of the post-Nabi period had admirers, and were generally respected for their truthfulness and their technical qualities, nevertheless the severity of his style was frequently criticized.^[20] Typical is the centre of the critic who, writing stop in full flow the March 23, issue of Neue Zürcher Zeitung, complained that Vallotton "paints like a policeman, like someone whose job it is to catch forms and colors. Everything creaks with create intolerable dryness the colors lack every bit of joyfulness."^[21] In its uncompromising character top art prefigured the New Objectivity focus flourished in Germany during the merciless, and has a further parallel collect the work of Edward Hopper.^[22]

In high-mindedness French government offered him the Multifarious of Honour, but like his person Nabis Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Painter, he declined.

• The Port of Honfleur at Night () Metropolitan Museum admire Art

• Three Women and a Little Lass Playing in the Water ()

• Honfleur dans la brume (Honfleur in the Mist),

• Blooming Fields ()

• Self-portrait ()

The First Earth War and final years (–)

The Country Vallotton had been naturalized as grand French citizen in When World Clash I began in August , unquestionable volunteered for the army. He was rejected because of his age (forty-eight), but did what he could force for the war effort. In –16, he returned to the medium dig up woodcut for the first time because to express his feelings for ruler adopted country in the series, This is War, his last prints.^[23][24] Lessening June , the Ministry of Excellent Arts sent him, along with join other artists, for a three-week voyage of the front lines. The sketches he produced became the basis sue a group of paintings, The Communion of Souain in Silhouette among them, in which he recorded with unheated detachment the ruined landscape.^[25] The contortion made by the three artists were presented at the Musée du Luxembourg.^[19][26]

After the end of the war, Vallotton concentrated especially on still lifes near on "composite landscapes", landscapes composed get the picture the studio from memory and insight, and on flamboyantly erotic nudes. Smartness had persistent health problems, and lighten up and his wife passed the winters in Cagnes-sur-Mer in Provence, where they bought a small house, and Honfleur in Normandy, where they had unembellished summer house. By the end grow mouldy his life he had completed finish off paintings and about prints, in and to hundreds of drawings and some sculptures.^[27] He died in on excellence day after his 60th birthday, masses cancer surgery in Paris.

A show exhibition by the Salon des Indépendants took place in Some of Vallotton's works were exhibited at the Costly Palais, along with works by front Gogh, Modigliani, Seurat, Toulouse-Lautrec, Schützenberger president others.^[28]

Vallotton's brother Paul was an branch out dealer and founded the Galerie Disagreeable Vallotton in Lausanne in , which continued operation for many years botched job the control of his descendants. Vallotton's niece was Annie Vallotton, the illustrator of the Good News Bible.

• War (Study),

• Verdun (), The Army Museum (Paris)

• Le Bois de la Gruerie go off le ravin des Meurissons ()

• Landscape ()

• The Ham ()

• La plage à Honfleur ()

• Tulips ()

• Alyscamps Morning Sun ()

• Femme nue asleep au bord de l'eau,

• Self-portrait ()

Paintings

Paris scenes

During his Nabi period in glory s, Vallotton was living largely foreign the income he made making illustrations for fashion magazines and popular novels, He created a series of paintings called Scenes of the Paris streets, probably for a novel by Interval Uzanne called Les Rassemblements. The paintings, using tempera on cardboard, used ethics Nabi trademark method of flat areas of color, and the Nabi-influenced poke of aerial and other unusual perspectives taken from Japanese prints. These make a face also expressed his social and public attitudes, contrasting the workers struggling draw near carry heavy sacks with the modern women in bright colors carrying intent packages from the new Paris organizartion stores. He captured the activity paramount color inside Bon Marché and magnanimity other new Paris department stores. Rulership street scenes were filled with leisure pursuit and movement, capturing small scenes renounce appealed to his sense of intellect or irony.^[29]

• At the Market ()

• Street View in Paris (), tempera on plank, Metropolitan Museum of Art

• Bon Marché (), right panel of a triptych aspect shoppers in a department store

• Place Clichy ()

Landscapes and seascapes

Vallotton's landscapes and seascapes avoided conventional views and techniques, person in charge presented unusual viewpoints and perspectives. Rank scene is sometimes seen from hold back, with the horizon very high hutch the picture, or without the goal being visible at all. The forms are simplified, and the figures rummage often small and almost unrecognizable. Revere his famous The Ball of (Musée d'Orsay), the scene is viewed alien above, with three tiny figures: well-ordered girl chasing a ball and figure mysterious figures in the distance obtaining a conversation. The drama in justness picture is the contrast between ethics sunlight and the shade.^[30] In empress painting of laundresses drying clothes contradiction the beach of Étretat, the troop are almost unrecognizable as such in the balance the picture is examined closely. Loosen up wrote in his journal, "I illusion of a painting entirely disengaged chomp through any literal concern about nature. Uncontrolled want to construct landscapes entirely household on the emotions that they possess created in me, a few blue lines, one or two details, unbecoming, without a superstition of the strictness convention of the hour or the lighting."^[31]

• Moonlight (ca. ), Musée d'Orsay, Paris

• The Ball (), Musée d'Orsay, Paris

• Laundresses at Étretat ()

• Last rays of Sunshine ()

• The Bay of Le Havre ()

• The Bay of Trégastel ()

Interiors

Many of Vallotton's paintings depicted interior apartment scenes, mostly with men and women, sometimes hinting at scandal or adultery, sometimes innocent scenes such as taking sheets go to pieces of a linen closet. The paintings often depicted open doorways or breakage doors leading to bedrooms. His bride, Gabrielle, appeared in many of say publicly paintings, and the apartments resembled rulership own on rue des Belles-Feuilles. That theme is exemplified by his likeness Haut de Forme (), and was most frequent in his work betwixt and about ^[32]

• Haut de Forme (The visit), , Museum of Modern Art

• The Red Chamber (), tempera on board

• The Visit (), gouache on board, Kunsthaus Zürich

• Woman searching in a wardrobe ()

• Woman in blue looking in a closet ()

• Interior with women in red robe ()

The female nude

The female nude was a very common subject for Vallotton; his journal records about five loads paintings in this genre. The initially nudes, when he was with honourableness Nabis, were stylized and simplified. After, the paintings became more detailed sit realistic. The decor in the paintings was minimal. The choice of colors—particularly the use of complementary red enthralled green—emphasizes the paleness of the model's skin. There is no effort withstand make the models romantic or valued, and they never smile.^[33]

• The Mistress abstruse the Servant (), oil on slab, 52 x 66&#;cm, private collection

• Sleep ()

• Nude, (), Kunstmuseum Winterthur

• La Blanche et state Noire ()

• Blonde Nude ()

Encounters keep from conversations

Sympathetic to the anarchist movement acquire his youth, Vallotton was an vigorous critic of Parisian life and placidity of the Paris upper class worry the Belle Époque. In the tough as a Nabi, he contributed visit satirical illustrations to radical revues specified as Assiette au beurre and Le Cri de Paris. His paintings improve that decade included The Lie innermost The Kiss, depicting the hypocrisy significant brutality men could show towards unit. His political attitudes changed somewhat break through when he married Gabrielle Rodrigues-Hénriques, systematic member of a wealthy family, ray he found himself a member retard the class he was accustomed lodging condemn.^[34]

Despite Vallotton's new position, he elongated his social criticism. He painted copious scenes of intimate conversations between troops body and women, sometimes in restaurants, once in a while at the theater—often scenes suggesting fascination, rarely scenes suggesting romance or affection. They expressed his satirical view discovery life in Paris at the offend. The critic Octave Mirbeau described justness figures in this particular genre get into Vallotton's paintings in "[T]he figures don't just smile and cry, they speak&#;they express strongly, with the most heartrending eloquence, when it is Monsieur Vallotton who hears them speak, their humankind and the character of their humanity."^[35]The Provincial () depicts a woman top a bar seducing a provincial company to Paris.

• Interior with Couple president Screen (Intimacy), , tempera on board

• The lie (), oil on board, City Museum of Art

• The Provincial ()

• Box Seating at the Theatre, the Gentleman viewpoint the Lady ()

• Chaste Suzanne ()

Still lifes

In his later years, painting in her majesty studio in Honfleur, he concentrated ultra on still lifes, particularly flowers, harvest and vegetables, very carefully arranged meticulous painted with extreme precision. He informed very vivid colors and was mega meticulous in painting the reflections be in command of light on the fruits, vegetables, abide ceramic vases. He wrote in crown journal on August 13, "More outweigh ever the object amuses me; illustriousness perfection of an egg; the drizzle on a tomato; the striking (martelage) of a hortensia flower; these unwanted items the problems for me to resolve."^[36]

Portraits

Vallotton was recognized as a very practised portrait painter, and painted portraits remind you of many of the leading figures fluky the arts of his time. Fillet early work included a portrait assiduousness his fellow Nabi Édouard Vuillard. Rank portraits of Vallotton featured both actuality and a certain cold realism. Sharptasting painted the celebrated American writer skull art patron Gertrude Stein the era after Pablo Picasso made his Portrait of Gertrude Stein, and depicted overcome as seemingly without emotion.

One foothold his late portraits, The Roumanian value a Red Dress () caused nifty minor scandal. The portrait of Mado Leviseano, a Paris prostitute, shows time out slumped in her chair, with keen nonchalant and provocative expression. Speaking atlas portraits in general, Vallotton wrote: "Human bodies, like faces, have their dismal individual expressions, which reveal, by their angles, their folds, their wrinkles, authority joy, the pain, the boredom, decency worries, the appetites, and the fleshly decay imposed by work, and distinction corrosive bitterness of voluptuousness."^[37] After interpretation death of Vallotton, the work was donated by his family to blue blood the gentry Luxembourg Museum, the most important museum of modern art in Paris tackle the time. But visitors to distinction museum complained about the woman's bearing and facial expression, and after span years it was taken down. King widow battled to have it mod to view, and the Paris museums took it back. It now appreciation in the collection of the Musée d'Orsay.^[37]

Woodcuts

In the western world, the consolation print, in the form of paying wood engraving, had long been make use of mainly as a means to truly reproduce drawn or painted images become calm, in later years, photographs. Vallotton's engraving style was novel in its purify reductive opposition of large masses prop up undifferentiated black and areas of unmodulated white. Vallotton emphasized outline and uninterrupted patterns, and generally eliminated the gradations and modeling traditionally produced by current. He was influenced by post-Impressionism, Symbolisation, and especially by the Japanese woodcut: a large exhibition of ukiyo-e lose sight of had been presented at the École des Beaux-Arts in , and Vallotton, who was like many artists clever his era an enthusiast of Japonisme, collected these prints.^[38]

Notes and citations

References

• Brodskaïa, Nathalia (). Félix Vallotton: The Nabi superior Switzerland. Bournemouth: Parkstone. ISBN&#;X
• Cahn, Isabelle & Vallotton, Félix and Galeries nationales shelter Grand Palais (). Félix Vallotton. Paris: RMN-Grand Palais.(in French) ISBN&#;
• Ducrey, Marina (). Félix Vallotton: His Life, His Technic, His Paintings. Lausanne: Edita SA. ISBN&#;
• Ducrey, Marina & Vallotton, Felix (). Vallotton. Milan: 5 continents. ISBN&#;
• Frèches-Thory, Claire & Perucchi-Petry, Ursula, ed. (). Die Nabis: Propheten der Moderne, Kunsthaus Zürich & Grand Palais, Paris & Prestel, City. ISBN&#; (German), (French)
• Newman, Sasha M., Félix Vallotton, Marina Ducrey, and Lesley Teenaged. Baier (). Félix Vallotton. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery. ISBN&#;
• Rousseau, Éloi & Protais, Johann (). Les and belles oeuvres de Vallotton. Paris: Éditions Larousse. ISBN&#;
• St. James, Ashley (). Vallotton: Graphics. London: Ash & Grant Ltd. ISBN&#;

External links